Inflammatory Biomarkers and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Internal Medicine
Momina Iftikhar, Areeg Fatima, Muhammad Shahzar, Maryam Khalid, Salma Roman, Zahrah Khalid and Muhammad Mudassar*
Abstract
Inflammation is a central biological mechanism linking chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disorders, metabolic abnormalities, smoking-related injury, infection, and tissue degeneration. In internal medicine, circulating biomarkers can assist in identifying disease activity, estimating prognosis, monitoring treatment response, and understanding interactions between immune and metabolic pathways. This review examines the clinical significance of inflammatory and immunological biomarkers and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies relevant to internal medicine. Particular attention is given to renal failure, cytokine dysregulation, immunoglobulins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, smoking-associated inflammatory changes, antimicrobial resistance, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Evidence indicates that biomarker interpretation should be integrated with clinical findings rather than considered independently. Chronic inflammation may contribute to progressive organ dysfunction, while infection and antimicrobial resistance complicate management of medically vulnerable patients. Emerging anotechnology approaches may improve targeted therapy but require careful assessment of toxicity and long-term safety. Multidisciplinary, evidence-based approaches integrating biomarkers, clinical assessment, prevention, and personalized treatment may improve patient management.
